Fourier–Motzkin elimination

Fourier–Motzkin elimination, FME method, is a mathematical algorithm for eliminating variables from a system of linear inequalities. It can look for both real and integer solutions. Its computational complexity is double-exponential.

Elimination (or ∃-elimination) of variables V from a system of relations (here, linear inequalities) consists in creating another system of the same kind, but without the variables V, such that both systems have the same solutions over the remaining variables.

If one eliminates all variables from a system of linear inequalities, then one obtains a system of constant inequalities, which can be trivially decided to be true or false, such that this system has solutions (is true) if and only if the original system has solutions. As a consequence, elimination of all variables can be used to detect whether a system of inequalities has solutions or not.

Let us consider a system S of n inequalities with r variables x_1 to x_r, with x_r the variable to eliminate. The linear inequalities in the system can be grouped into three classes, depending on the sign (positive, negative or null) of the coefficient for x_r:

The original system is thus equivalent to \max(A_1(x_1, \dots, x_{r-1}), \dots, A_{n_A}(x_1, \dots, x_{r-1})) \leq x_r \leq \min(B_1(x_1, \dots, x_{r-1}), \dots, B_{n_B}(x_1, \dots, x_{r-1})) \wedge \phi.

Elimination consists in producing a system equivalent to \exists x_r~S. Obviously, this formula is equivalent to \max(A_1(x_1, \dots, x_{r-1}), \dots, A_{n_A}(x_1, \dots, x_{r-1})) \leq \min(B_1(x_1, \dots, x_{r-1}), \dots, B_{n_B}(x_1, \dots, x_{r-1})) \wedge \phi.

The inequality \max(A_1(x_1, \dots, x_{r-1}), \dots, A_{n_A}(x_1, \dots, x_{r-1})) \leq \min(B_1(x_1, \dots, x_{r-1}), \dots, B_{n_B}(x_1, \dots, x_{r-1})) is equivalent to n_A n_B inequalities A_i(x_1, \dots, x_{r-1}) \leq B_j(x_1, \dots, x_{r-1}), for 1 \leq i \leq n_A and 1 \leq j \leq n_B.

We have therefore transformed the original system into another system where x_r is eliminated. Note that the output system has (n-n_A-n_B)%2Bn_A n_B inequalities. In particular, if n_A = n_B = n/2, then the number of output inequalities is n^2/4.

The operation is named after Joseph Fourier and Theodore Motzkin.

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